Ron Fleming is 74 now, but he's spent most of his life trying to recapture what life felt like when he was 21, fighting in Vietnam.
Fleming was a door gunner in the war, hanging out of a helicopter on a strap with a machine gun in his hands. He fought in the Tet Offensive of 1968, sometimes for 40 hours straight, firing 6,000 rounds a minute. But he never gave much thought to catching a bullet himself.
"At 21, you're bulletproof," he says, as he sits on the edge of his hospital bed at the San Francisco VA Medical Center. "Dying wasn't on the agenda."
Now it is. Fleming has congestive heart failure and arthritis, and his asthma attacks often land him in the hospital. Ten years ago, he was diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder, which makes him quick to anger and hyper-vigilant, as though he's still in that helicopter.
Fleming's physical and mental health symptoms, combined with his military history, are a challenge to the VA's palliative care team, which is coordinating his care as his health deteriorates. It is a challenge they are facing more often as Vietnam veterans age and develop life-threatening illnesses.
For some veterans, the stoicism they relied on in battle returns full-force in the hospital; they're less willing than other patients to admit they are afraid or in pain, and less willing to accept treatment. Other vets with PTSD are even more reluctant to take pain-relieving opioids because the drugs can actually make their symptoms worse, triggering frightening flashbacks.
About 30 percent of Vietnam vets have had PTSD in their lifetime, the highest rate among veteran groups from all eras, according to the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs' National Center for PTSD. Their rate is higher, according to numerous studies, because of the unique combat conditions they faced and the negative reception many received when they returned home.
Since the war, many vets have developed coping strategies to keep disturbing memories and other PTSD symptoms at bay. But facing a terminal illness — the severe pain of cancer, the nausea of chemotherapy or the breathlessness of heart failure — can drain their energy so much that they're unable to maintain their mental defenses.Vets previously diagnosed with PTSD can slip out of remission, and some may experience the condition for the first time.
"They're so distracted trying to cope with their physical symptoms that they might have flashbacks," says Dr. VJ Periyakoil, a palliative care physician at the VA Palo Alto Health Care Center and director of palliative care education at Stanford University. "War memories start coming back; they start having nightmares."
Gasping for breath can induce panic for anyone, but it can make vets feel as threatened as they did in a combat zone, says Dr. Eric Widera, director of hospice and palliative care at the San Francisco VA and professor of geriatrics at the University of California, San Francisco.
That's what happens to navy vet Earl Borges, who logged 240 24-hour river patrols in Vietnam with three other men in a plastic boat, constantly watching the riverside brush for enemy soldiers.
Ever since, he's been easily startled by loud noises and fast-moving shadows. Now, at age 70, Borges has Lou Gehrig's disease – the progressive disease of motor neurons that is also called amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS — and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which can intensify the anxiety from his PTSD.
If he lies down without his breathing machine, he says, he panics, then hyperventilates.
"I have to talk him through it, tell him he's OK, 'just breathe,' " says his wife, Shirley Borges, 67.
They both say Earl's PTSD is under control — as long as he doesn't talk about the war — and his ALS is progressing very slowly, without pain.
But for patients who are in severe pain, the go-to treatment is opioids, which can also make PTSD symptoms worse. This forces vets to choose between physical pain and mental anguish.
"Oftentimes, pain medications like morphine or oxycodone make some people feel a little bit fuzzy," Widera says. "That may contribute to that feeling of a loss of control."
That's why Periyakoil isn't surprised when vets refuse pain medications.
" 'Don't you try and give me none of those narc pills, doc,' " she recalls one of her patients saying while he grimaced in pain.
Some vets also refuse medication because they feel like they deserve the pain.
"We see a lot of feelings of guilt over what they've seen and done during their experience in Vietnam," Widera says, "and they don't want to blunt that."
At the end of life, this sense of guilt can be amplified as veterans look back and review their lives and, perhaps, contemplate the consequences of their actions in the line of duty. This is even true for vets like Fleming, whose overriding feeling about his service is pride.
"Sometimes I think that now I'm being paid back for all the men I killed," he says. "And I killed a lot of them. Fleming says he has not needed opioids for his condition, and has declined other medications.
"If there is a judge, I figure I'm going to hell in a hand-basket," he says.
Watching vets choose to endure their pain can be hard for families, as well as for palliative care doctors and nurses. Just like soldiers, doctors hate doing nothing.
"Staff [members] suffer terribly because they feel like, 'what good are the hospice experts if we can't take care of patients' pain?' " Periyakoil says.
Often, the only thing they can do is stand back and respect a veteran's choice to bear their pain, she says.
Once, when Periyakoil was dressing the ulcer wounds of the patient who refused what he called "narc pills," he began talking about the war. She didn't press him, just kept working quietly, tending his wounds. As he stared at the ceiling, wincing, he confided in her about a time he was forced to kill a pregnant teenager.
But this kind of revelation is unusual, she says. With weeks or months left to live, after a lifetime of silence about their most horrifying memories, there often isn't enough time for veterans to talk about those experiences at all.
That's one reason the VA has been trying to start end-of-life care earlier, Widera says — to address veterans' PTSD or moral distress years before they land in hospice.
Fleming's doctors, for instance, have urged him to consider mental health counseling or antidepressants. He refuses.
"I don't want to take psychiatric drugs," he says. "The vets call them 'the happy pills.' I don't want any of those, because they change you. I don't want to change."
The emotional pain connects Fleming to his past.
He was awarded 18 Air Medals for meritorious acts and heroism in flight. The loss and grief he experienced in Vietnam are woven into those memories of victory and glory.
"You see all the combat. There's a charge to it," he says. "And after a while, it bites you right in the ass. And once you've been bit, you're bit for life. Nothing else works."
This story is part of a partnership with NPR, KQED and Kaiser Health News.
